van Ess

Rational Theology in Interfaith Communication Abu-I-Husayn al-Basri's Mu'tazili Theology among the Karaites in the Fatimid Age Ed. Wilferd Madelung and Sabine SchmidtkeSeries: Jerusalem Studies in Religion and Culture, 5., 2007. ISBN-10: 90 04 15177 X / x+144 pp., 36 illus.

"Rational speculative theology (kalam) in early Islam was represented most distinctly by the theological school of the Mu‘tazila. Founded in Basra in the early 8th century, the school soon became predominant in theological scholarship and discourse and remained so until the early 11th century. The Mu‘tazila held that the basic truths of theology, such as the existence of God and the nature of His attributes and justice, are entirely subject to rational proof without the benefit of scriptural revelation. Only after these basic truths have been established can the veracity of scripture be proved by reason, and the primacy of reason must also maintained in the interpretation of scripture. Mu‘tazili theology naturally appealed to rationally inclined theologians of other scriptural religions and provided a suitable basis for inter-faith communication in the Islamic world. In Judaism Mu‘tazili thought was adopted to varying degrees from the 9th century on and reached a peak during the tenth century.
The Mu‘tazili world view and rational theology was facing increasing competition and criticism from philosophy of Greek origin, which claimed to provide the only scientific world view based on cogent logical demonstration independent of religious beliefs. Study of the philosophical sciences was mostly shunned in religious scholarship, but was an integral part of the education of the medical profession. Among Qadi ‘Abd al-Jabbar’s disciples in Rayy was for some time a young physician trained in the philosophical sciences, Abu l-Husayn al-Basri (d. 1044), who challenged some of his teaching in his lectures and went on to compose a massive critical review of the arguments and proofs used in kalam. His theological works were generally ignored among the Mu‘tazila and handed down among students of medicine. Only a century later his teaching was revived and espoused by the Mu‘tazili scholar Mahmud b. al-Malahimi in Khorezm in Central Asia and gained recognition as a school of Mu‘tazili theology.
The present study presents evidence that Abu l-Husayn’s theology was immediately registered and controversially debated in the Karaite community under the Fatimid caliphate. The study is based on source material preserved in Genizahs and now dispersed in libraries around the world."

"The Mu'tazila was a rationalist school of Islamic theology and one of the important streams of Islamic thought. Its beginnings were in the eighth century and its "classic" period of development was from the latter part of the ninth century until the middle of the eleventh. During these four centuries, the theological movement of the Mu'tazila played a major role in the Islamic intellectual scene. Over time it fell out of favor in Sunni Islam and had largely disappeared by the fourteenth century. It is mainly due to the reception of Mu'tazili thought by the Imamis and the Zaydis within Shi'ism, as well as by Rabbanite and particularly Karaite Jews, that we are relatively well informed today about Mu'tazili doctrines and even have access to a significant quantity of authentic textual materials. The book contains editions, translations, and an analytical introduction of Karaite Mu'tazili texts of the late Fatimid period that were hitherto unknown and that shed fresh light in the reception of Mu'tazili thought among the Karaites."